Analytical and quantitative assessment of the state of the spleen and immune processes in rats under administering Vipera berus venom

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2024.3.20-25

Keywords:

snake venom, rats, spleen, morphometry.

Abstract

Background. The spleen can maintain the body's stability in response to the physical and chemical factors of the environment. However, the organ's immune status reserves suffer significantly under their chronic influence. They are depleted due to violating the morphology and functions of key structural elements. In this regard, more and more scientific studies are focusing on the pathophysiological pathways of spleen damage under the influence of adverse factors of various genesis. Objective. Determination of morphometric parameters of changes in the spleen of rats under the influence of Vipera berus venom. Methods. To assess the toxic effect of the venoms of Vipera berus berus and Vipera berus nikolskii snakes on the general morphology of the spleen and the manifestation of antigen-dependent immune processes in it, we compared discrete and continuous variables in rats from the control and two experimental groups. Results and conclusion. It was established that the pathological effect of Vipera berus nikolskii venom on the red pulp leads to a set of processes that increase its total area, thus equalising the ratio of white pulp to red pulp in this group. The most pronounced increase in the share of lymph nodes relative to the red pulp is in rats exposed to Vipera berus berus poison, indicating intensive lymphocyte proliferation processes precisely under the influence of this toxin. The hemolytic solid effect of the venom of Vipera berus nikolskii leads to the destruction of formed blood elements and the accumulation of their particles, which are also phagocytised by macrophages. This adds another load factor to phagocytising cells, leading to their overload and disruption of the normal processes of metabolism and exocytosis.

References

  1. Bolon I, Durso AM, Mesa SB, Ray N, Alcoba G, Chappuis F, Ruiz de Castaneda R. Identifying the snake: first scoping review on practices of communities and healthcare providers confronted with snakebite across the world. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0229989. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229989.
  2. Di Nicola MR, Pontara A, Kass GEN, Kramer NI, Avella I, Pampena R, Paolino G. Vipers of major clinical relevance in Europe: Taxonomy, venom composition, toxicology and clinical management of human bites. Toxicology. 2021;453:152724. Doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152724.
  3. Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17063. Doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.63.
  4. Hermansen MN, Krug AH, Tjønnfjord E, Brabrand M. Envenomation by the common European adder (Vipera berus): a case series of 219 patients. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019;26(5):362-365. Doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000577.
  5. Jayakrishnan MP, Geeta MG, Krishnakumar P, Rajesh TV, George B. Snake bite mortality in children: beyond bite to needle time. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(5):445-449. Doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311142.
  6. Alangode A, Rajan K, Nair BG. Snake antivenom: Challenges and alternate approaches. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;81:114135. Doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114135.
  7. Herzig V, Cristofori-Armstrong B, Israel MR, Nixon SA, Vetter I, King GF. Animal toxins – nature’s evolutionary-refined toolkit for basic research and drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;181:114096. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114096.
  8. Simoes-Silva R, Alfonso J, Gomez A, Holanda RJ, Sobrinho JC, Zaqueo KD, Soares AM. Snake venom, a natural library of new potential therapeutic molecules: challenges and current perspectives. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018;19(4):308-335. Doi: 10.2174/1389201019666180620111025.
  9. Xiao H, Pan H, Liao K, Yang M, Huang C. Snake venom PLA2, a promising target for broad-spectrum antivenom drug development. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:6592820. Doi: 10.1155/2017/6592820
  10. Feriani DJ, Sousa AS, Delbin MA, Ruberti OM, Crestani CC, Rodrigues B. Spleen tissue changes after restraint stress: effects of aerobic exercise training. Stress. 2021;24(5):572-583. Doi: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1895112.
  11. Li Y, Du X, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wang J. Fluoride can damage the spleen of mice by perturbing Th1 / Th2 cell balance. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199(4):1493-1500. Doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02264-y.
  12. Sang X, Zheng L, Sun Q, Li N, Cui Y, Hu R, Gao G, Cheng Z, Cheng J, Gui S. The chronic spleen injury of mice following long-term exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2012;100:894–902. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34024
  13. Reddy RV, Taylor MJ, Sharma RP. Evaluation of citrinin toxicity on the immune functions of mice. J. Food Prot. 1988;51:32–36. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-51.1.32.
  14. Höhn A, Grune T. Lipofuscin: formation, effects and role of macroautophagy. Redox Biology. 2013;1(1):140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.006.

Downloads

Published

2024-10-30

How to Cite

Bobr , A. (2024). Analytical and quantitative assessment of the state of the spleen and immune processes in rats under administering Vipera berus venom. Морфологія / Morphologia / Morfologìâ, 18(3), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2024.3.20-25

Issue

Vol. 18 No. 3 (2024)

Section

Статті

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

 The authors reserve the right to authorship of their work and transfer to the Journal the right to the first publication of this work under the terms of a license Creative commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which allows other people to freely distribute the published work with a mandatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
        By submitting a manuscript to the editorial office of the Journal ‘Morphologia’ authors agree to transfer the rights to protect and use the manuscript (all supplemental materials, particularly protected objects such as photos, drawings, diagrams, tables, etc.), including the reproduction in the press and distribution via the Internet; translation of the manuscript into any language; export and import of journal copies with the Authors’ article in order to make it available for public. Authors convey the rights mentioned above to the editorial office without any temporal or territorial limitation all over the world. 
        The Authors guarantee that they have the exclusive rights to use the material transferred to editorial office. Editors are not responsible to third parties for contraventions of warranty given by the Authors. The considered rights are transferred to the editorial office since the moment when the current issue is signed for publishing. Reproduction of materials published in the Journal by other individuals and legal entities is possible only with the consent of Editorial office, with the obligatory indication of the full bibliographic reference of the primary publication. The Authors reserve the right to use the published material, its fragments and parts for teaching materials, oral presentations, dissertation thesis prepararion with obligatory bibliographic citation of the original paper. Electron copy of the published article, downloaded from official journal web-site in .pdf format may be put by authors on the official web-site of their institutions, any other official resources with open access.