Mandibular bone restructuring after octacalcium phosphate and chitosan transplantation: histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural aspects

Authors

Keywords:

lower jaw/mandible, dentoalveolar system, bone tissue, regeneration, octacalcium phosphate, chitosan, histostructure, im-munohistochemistry, ultrastructure

Abstract

This article presents the research results of the histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of bone-ceramic regenerate after octacalcium phosphate and chitosan transplantation into an experimental defect in the rabbit mandible, since complete and high-quality regeneration of maxillofacial bones, its mechanisms and dynamics remain not fully understood, need clarification and detailing. Aim. To study in an experiment the dynamics of histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural changes in the lower jaw bone after its traumatic injury with subsequent replacement of the defect with octacalcium phosphate and activated chitosan. Methods. Experiments were conducted on 89 male rabbits aged 6-7 months, weighing 2.5-3.0 kg. 20 animals constituted the control group, and 64 the two experimental groups. Another 5 intact animals were used to study the normal structure of the bone tissue of the studied area of the mandible. The control group included animals with a bone tissue defect that healed under a blood clot. The first experimental group consisted of 32 rabbits where the bone defect was filled with modified natural octacalcium phosphate with a mix of chitosan and ampicillin (OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin). The second experimental group consisted of 32 rabbits where the bone defect was filled with activated chitosan (Chitosan-A). Post-traumatic bone tissue status within the defect area was monitored for 84 days using the following methods: bone defect modeling, light-optical assessment of the histostructure of decalcified bone sections, immunohistochemical determination of the expression of markers CD34, Calcitonin, Ki-67, transmission electron microscopy. Relief changes were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results and conclusion. Layered implantation of the OСР-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin material (the outer segment of the graft is a complex of chitosan and ampicillin, the inner segment is modified natural octacalcium phosphate granules) creates conditions for the realization of a secondary osteoinduction effect. Specifically, one week post-implantation, a hypoxic zone forms under the dense chitosan coating. This induces intensive periosteal regeneration and activates neovascularization, accompanied by migration and cytodifferentiation of osteoprogenitor cells from two directions: 1) from the microvessels of the regenerated periosteum and 2) from the damaged trabeculae of the native bone at the edges of the experimental defect. During weeks 2-3, the pores of the inner implant segment containing modified octacalcium phosphate ensure complete vascularization of the bone-ceramic regenerate, filling it with islands of desmal osteogenesis. This is followed by the formation of woven bone trabeculae and a wave-like spread of bone tissue remodeling processes from the periphery of the regenerate towards its deeper zone. The application of Chitosan-A resulted in limited growth of the relative volume of bone tissue in the regenerate over the study period. This growth rate was significantly lower than the dynamic changes observed in the control group. Eight weeks post-implantation of activated chitosan, against a background of limited osteointegration in the peripheral regions of the regenerate, slow diffuse remodeling of loosely arranged trabeculae occurs with the formation of primitive bone lamellae.  Signs of compaction of the newly formed bone near the periosteum appear only after 12 weeks of the experiment. Osteons with deformed geometry contain predominantly immature osteocytes, and the orientation of collagen fiber bundles within the bone lamellae shows limited spatial organization against a background of a significant proportion of amorphous osteomatrix. At the end of the experiment, the deep zone of the regenerate contains heteromorphic connective tissue areas and loosely arranged bone trabeculae with signs of incomplete remodeling.

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Published

2025-04-18

How to Cite

Chelpanova , I. (2025). Mandibular bone restructuring after octacalcium phosphate and chitosan transplantation: histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural aspects. Морфологія / Morphologia / Morfologìâ, 17(1), 63–77. Retrieved from https://morphology.dma.edu.ua/article/view/327193

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Vol. 17 No. 1 (2023)

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