Toxic effects of cadmium on a living organism

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2025.1.107-112

Keywords:

cadmium, heavy metal, toxic effect

Abstract

Background. The remaining fates will increase the dowkill's confusion. In addition, the concentration of important metals in the middle part increases. Heavy metals can destroy various aspects of a person's health. One of these metals is cadmium, which is widely distributed in the medium and can easily bioaccumulate in the body after passing through chemical and herbal pathways. This is a difficult biological period in decline (10-30 years), which leads to irreversible harm to the health of animals and people. Objective. To analyze literary sources on the toxic effects of cadmium on a living organism. Methods. An extensive collection and analysis of literary scientific data on the effects of cadmium on a living organism was carried out in the scientific and metric databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar. Results. Cadmium mainly accumulates in skins, livers and legs. However, with chronic influx, veins can accumulate in other parts of the body, including the ovaries, cysts, nervous system and immune system, which can lead to various illnesses. Epidemiological studies provide more evidence that this influx can lead to diseases such as osteoporosis from cyst fractures, neurodegenerative disorders, infertility, etc. Conclusion. To promote a healthy way of living, as well as to promote effective preventive measures and improve public health, continuous monitoring of individuals who are professionally susceptible to the influx of important metals such as cadmium And understanding the nature and mechanisms of the action of cadmium makes it possible to develop methods for correcting environmental and mental disorders in a living organism.

References

  1. Feng W, Dong T, Li K, Wang T, Chen Z, Wang R. Characterization of binding behaviors of Cd2+ to rice proteins. Food Chem. 2019;275:186–92. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.123.
  2. Yao Y, Wu H, Ping J. Simultaneous determination of cd (II) and Pb (II) ions in honey and milk samples using a single-walled carbon nanohorns modified screen-printed electrochemical sensor. Food Chem. 2019;274:8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.110.
  3. Maqsood UH, Sadam H, Muhammad A, Atif A, Hafiz A K, Shaista J, Muhammad S, Quanzhen W, Mingke Y, Kadambot H M S, Muhammad T. Calcium oxide nanoparticles ameliorate cadmium toxicity in alfalfa seedlings by depriving its bioaccumulation, enhancing photosystem II functionality and antioxidant gene expression. Sci Total Environ. 2024;955:176797. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176797.
  4. Lee C-Y, Su C-H, Tsai P-K, Yang M-L, Ho Y-C, Lee S-S, Chen CH, Chen WY, Lin ML, Chen CJ, Chian CY, Huang-Liu R, Chang YL, Kuan YH. Cadmium nitrate-induced neuronal apoptosis is protected by N-acetyl-l-cysteine via reducing reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondria dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:448–56. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.054.
  5. Caini S, Bendinelli B, Masala G, Saieva C, Lundh T, Kyrtopoulos SA, Palli D. Predictors of erythrocyte cadmium levels in 454 adults in Florence. Italy Science of the Total Environment. 2018;644:37–44. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.347.
  6. Esposito F, Nardone A, Fasano E, Scognamiglio G, Esposito D, Agrelli D, et al. A systematic risk characterization related to the dietary exposure of the population to potentially toxic elements through the ingestion of fruit and vegetables from a potentially contaminated area. A case study: the issue of the "land of fires" area in Campania region, Italy. Environ Pollut. 2018;243:1781–90. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.058.
  7. Dai J, Zhang L, Du X, Zhang P, Li W, Guo X, et al. Effect of Lead on antioxidant ability and immune responses of Crucian carp. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018;1:8.
  8. Ebrahimi M, Khalili, N., Razi, S., Keshavarz-Fathi, M., Khalili, N., & Rezaei, N. Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2020;18(1):335–43. doi:10.1007/s40201-020-00455-2
  9. John E. The Elements. 2nd ed. Oxford : Clarendon Press; 1991.
  10. Lee C-Y, Su C-H, Tsai P-K, Yang M-L, Ho Y-C, Lee S-S, Chen CH, Chen WY, Lin ML, Chen CJ, Chian CY, Huang-Liu R, Chang YL, Kuan YH. Cadmium nitrate-induced neuronal apoptosis is protected by N-acetyl-l-cysteine via reducing reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondria dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:448–56. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.054.
  11. Caini S, Bendinelli B, Masala G, Saieva C, Lundh T, Kyrtopoulos SA, Palli D. Predictors of erythrocyte cadmium levels in 454 adults in Florence. Italy Science of the Total Environment. 2018;644:37–44. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.347.
  12. Järup L, Åkesson A. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2009;238(3):201–8. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020
  13. Jingwen Q, Qiang W, Xiaomei S, Yongjun L. The environment and female reproduction: Potential mechanism of cadmium poisoning to the growth and development of ovarian follicle, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022;244:114029. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114029
  14. Tai YT, Chou SH, Cheng CY, Ho C-T, Lin HC, Jung SM, Chu PH, Ko FH. The preferential accumulation of cadmium ions among various tissues in mice. Toxicol Rep. 2022;9:111-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.002
  15. Chou SH, Lin HC, Chen SW, Tai YT, Jung SM, Ko FH, Su PJ, Chu PH. Cadmium exposure induces histological damage and cytotoxicity in the cardiovascular system of mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2023;175:113740. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113740.
  16. Shan Z, Wei Z, Shaikh ZA. Suppression of ferroportin expression by cadmium stimulates proliferation, EMT, and migration in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018;356:36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.07.017.
  17. Richardson JB, Dancy BC, Horton CL, Lee YS, Madejczyk MS, Xu ZZ, et al. Exposure to toxic metals triggers unique responses from the rat gut microbiota. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24931-w
  18. IARC. Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: inorganic and organic lead compounds. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2006.
  19. Liaw F-Y, Chen W-L, Kao T-W, Chang Y-W, Huang C-F. Exploring the link between cadmium and psoriasis in a nationally representative sample. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01827-9
  20. Nna VU, Usman UZ , Ofutet EO, Owu DU. Quercetin exerts preventive, ameliorative and prophylactic effects on cadmium chloride - induced oxidative stress in the uterus and ovaries of female Wistar rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017;102:143-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.010.
  21. Wang Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Fan R, Qiu C, Zhong S, Luo D. Effect of Cadmium on Cellular Ultrastructure in Mouse Ovary. Ultrastructural Pathology. 2015;39(5): 324–8. doi:10.3109/01913123.2015.1027436
  22. Ataei N, Aghaei M, Panjehpour M.The protective role of melatonin in cadmium-induced proliferation of ovarian cancer cells Res Pharm. Sci. 2018;13(2):159-67. doi: 10.4103/1735-5362.223801.
  23. Zhu M, Miao S, Zhou W, Elnesr SS, Dong X, Zou X. . Corrigendum to: “MAPK, AKT/FoxO3a and mTOR pathways are involved in cadmium regulating the cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis of chicken follicular granulosa cells”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021;217:112187. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112187
  24. Liu J, Lu X, Wang W, Zhu J, Li Y, Luo L, Zhang W. Activity of MPF and expression of its related genes in mouse MI oocytes exposed to cadmium. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018;112:332–41. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.046
  25. Zhu J-Q, Liu Y, Zhang J-H, Liu Y-F, Cao J-Q, Huang Z-T, Liu Z-P. Cadmium Exposure of Female Mice Impairs the Meiotic Maturation of Oocytes and Subsequent Embryonic Development. Toxicological Sciences. 2018;164(1):289–299. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfy089
  26. Jia D, Huang W, Yin Q , Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang M, Gong W, Wang R, Zhu Y, Ji Y. Melatonin alleviates ferroptosis triggered by cadmium via regulating ferritinophagy and iron metabolism in spermatogonia Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):8910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-93822-8.
  27. Cao W, Liu X, Huang X, Liu Z, Cao X, Gao W. Hepatotoxicity-related oxidative modifications of thioredoxin 1/peroxiredoxin 1 induced by different cadmium-based quantum dots. Anal. Chem. 2022;94:3608–16. 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05181
  28. Wang Y, Chi H, Xu F, He Z, Li Z, Wu F. Cadmium chloride-induced apoptosis of HK-2 cells via interfering with mitochondrial respiratory chain. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2022;236:113494. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113494
  29. Pappalardo C, Cosci I, Moro G , Stortini AM, Sandon A, De Angelis C, Galdiero G, Trifuoggi M, Pivonello R, Pedrucci F, Di Nisio A, Foresta C, Ferlin A, De Toni L. Seminal cadmium affects human sperm motility through stable binding to the cell membrane. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1134304. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1134304
  30. Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, Carocci A, Catalano A. The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:3782. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113782.
  31. Prozialeck W.C., Edwards J.R. Mechanisms of cadmium-induced proximal tubule injury: New insights with implications for biomonitoring and therapeutic interventions. J. Pharm. Exp. 2012;343:2–12. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.166769
  32. Satarug S. Is Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Cadmium Exposure Inevitable and Can It Be Reversed? Biomedicines. 2024;12(4):718. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12040718
  33. Li H, Fagerberg B, Sallsten G, Borné Y, Hedblad B, Engström G, Barregard L, Andersson EM. Smoking-induced risk of future cardiovascular disease is partly mediated by cadmium in tobacco: Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort Study. Environ. Health. 2019;18:56. doi: 10.1186/s12940-019-0495-1.
  34. Lech T, Sadlik JK. Cadmium concentration in human autopsy tissues. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2017;179:172–7. doi: 10.1007/s12011-017-0959-5.
  35. Lv YJ, Song J, Xiong LL, Huang R, Zhu P, Wang P, Liang XX, Tan JB, Wang J, Wu SX. Association of environmental cadmium exposure and bone remodeling in women over 50 years of age. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2021;211:111897. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111897
  36. Ma Y, Ran D, Zhao H, Song R, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Bian J, Zhu J, Liu Z. Cadmium exposure triggers osteoporosis in duck via P2X7/PI3K/AKT-mediated osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Sci. Total Environ. 2021;750:141638. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141638.
  37. Wang M, Liu J, Zhu G, Chen X. Low levels of cadmium exposure affect bone by inhibiting Lgr4 expression in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2022;73:127025. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127025.
  38. Kunioka CT, Manso MC, Carvalho M. Association between Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Osteoporosis Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;20(1):485. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010485
  39. Arruebarrena MA, Hawe CT, Lee YM, Branco RC. Mechanisms of Cadmium Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(23):16558. doi: 10.3390/ijms242316558
  40. Ruczaj A, Brzóska MM. Environmental exposure of the general population to cadmium as a risk factor of the damage to the nervous system: A critical review of current data. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2023;43:66–88. doi: 10.1002/jat.4322.
  41. Syeda T, Cannon JR. Environmental exposures and the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: The potential role of BACE1 as a critical neurotoxic target. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2021;35:e22694. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22694
  42. Yin Y, Zhang P, Yue X, Du X, Li W, Yin Y, et al. Effect of sub-chronic exposure to lead (Pb) and Bacillus subtilis on Carassius auratus gibelio: bioaccumulation, antioxidant responses and immune responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018;161:755–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.056.
  43. Zhang Q, Huang Y, Zhang K, Yan Y, Wu J, Wang F, Zhao Y, Xu H, Jiang W, Yu D, Chen Y, Ye D. Progesterone attenuates hypertension and autoantibody levels to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in response to elevated cadmium during pregnancy. Placenta. 2018;62:16–24. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.12.004.
  44. Cao J, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Hylkema MN, Huo X. Increased memory T cell populations in Pb-exposed children from an e-waste-recycling area. Sci Total Environ. 2018;616:988–95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.220.
  45. Ebrahimi M, Khalili N, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Khalili N, Rezaei N. Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2020;18(1):335–43. doi: 10.1007/s40201-020-00455-2

Published

2025-04-08

How to Cite

Shamelashvili , K. (2025). Toxic effects of cadmium on a living organism. Морфологія / Morphologia / Morfologìâ, 19(1), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2025.1.107-112

Issue

Section

Статті