Clinical and morphological parallels in conditions of impaired platelet-vascular hemostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Authors

  • N. O. Pertseva Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy, Ukraine
  • T. S. Turlyun Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy, Ukraine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2011.2.5-18

Keywords:

type 2 diabetes, hemostatic disorders, platelete morphology, intercellular interactions

Abstract

Current experimental and clinical data was analyzed to evaluate the ultrastructural changes of platelets and their interaction with other cells in conditions of impaired hemostasis during the type 2 diabetes development and following complications. Special attention was paid to determine the correlations between the revealed morphological changes of platelets and the functional and clinical data. We show that ultrastructural studies to reveal the morphological signs of platelets abilities to activate, as well as studies of their structural and functional changes in the conditions of hyperglycemia, and the features of their interaction with the blood cells and endothelial cells are among the most important questions in the field. Addressing these issues will contribute to the understanding of the important mechanisms of pathogenesis, as well as to explain the cascade of clinically relevant lesions, which not only complicate the course of the disease, but also determine its outcome.

References

  1. Вашкинель В. К. Ультраструктура и функция тромбоцитов человека / В. К. Вашкинель, М. Н. Петров. – Ленинград: Наука, 1982. – 86 с.
  2. Витковский Ю. А. Патогенетическое значение лимфоцитарно-тромбоцитарной адгезии / Ю. А. Витковский, Б. И. Кузник, А. В. Солпов // Медицинская иммунология. – 2006.- № 5. – С. 745-752.
  3. Влияние интерлейкинов 1b, 2, 10 и 16 на взаимодействие лейкоцитарно-тромбоцитарных агрегатов с экстрацеллюлярным матриксом / Ю. А. Витковский, Б. И. Кузник, А. В. Солпов [и др.] // Иммунология. – 2006. – № 4. – C. 141—143.
  4. Влияние эритроцитов и лейкоцитов на чувствительность тромбоцитов к антиагрегантной терапии / Л. И. Бурячковская, И. А. Учитель, А. Б. Сумароков [и соавт.] // Научно-практический журнал Клинико-лабораторный Консилиум. – 2007. – №16. – С. 64.
  5. Вплив вортманіну на ультратонку структуру тромбоцитів у нормі та за умов цукрового діабету I типу / Н. О. Сибірна, О. І, Вовк, О. Р. Кулачковський, І. В. Горбачевська // Експ. та клін. фіз. і біох. – 2004. - № 2 (26). – С. 121-124.
  6. Джонссен Д. Гипертензия и диабет / Д. Джонссен, Ф. Деркс // Диабетография. – 1995. - № 2. – С. 4-6.
  7. Зайчик A. Ш. Показатели тромбоцитарной активности и эндотелиальной дисфункции у детей с ИЗСД / А. Ш. Зайчик, Н. А. Ница // Клиническая патофизиология. – 2006. - № 1. – С. 75-76.
  8. Зимин Ю. В. Артериальная гипертония при сахарном диабете: особенности патогенеза и лечения (обзор) / Ю. В. Зимин // Тер. архив. – 1999. - № 10. – С. 15-20.
  9. Кассирский И. А. Клиническая гематология / И. А. Кассирский, Г. А. Алексеев. – М. : Медицина, 1970. - 780 с.
  10. Козинец Г. И. Исследования системы крови в клинической практике / Г. И. Козинец, В. А. Макаров. – Х. : Триада, 1997. – 313 с.
  11. Медведев И. Н. Влияние верошпирона на нарушения агрегации тромбоцитов у больных артериальной гипертонией с абдоминальным ожирением / И. Н. Медведев, Т. Ю. Носова // Рос. кардиол. журн. – 2007. – Т. 68, № 6. – С. 55-58.
  12. Медведев И. Н. Влияние гипотиазида и индапамида на агрегацию тромбоцитов у больных артериальной гипертонией с абдоминальным ожирением / И. Н. Медведев, Т. Ю. Носова // Вестн. РУДН. – 2007. - № 6. – С. 171-175.
  13. Ница Н. А. Маркеры эндотелиальной дисфункции и активации тромбоцитов при ИЗСД у детей / Н. А. Ница // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. – 2007. – Т. 6, № 4. – С. 81-85.
  14. Ница Н. А. Тромбоцитарный гемостаз у детей с ИЗСД / Н. А. Ница // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета. Сер. 11. Медицина. – 2008. - № 1. – С. 134-137.
  15. Ослопов В. Н. Взаимосвязь артериальной гипертензии и сахарного диабета с позиций нарушения транспорта ионов через мембрану клетки / В. Н. Ослопов, В. В. Талантов, Э. Н. Хасанов // Акт. вопросы клинич. диабетологии [Научн. Труды]. – Казань, 1994. – Т.3. – С. 22-27.
  16. Полифункциональность тромбоцитов, их активация и возможности ее оценки / Л. И. Бурячковская, И. А. Учитель, А. Б. Сумароков [и соавт.] // Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания. Бюллетень НЦССХ им. А. Н. Бакулева РАМН. – 2007. – Т. 8, № 2. – С. 43-50.
  17. Сибірна Н. Роль фосфатидилінозит-3-кінази та індуцибельної NO-синтази у регуляції морфофункціонального стану тромбоцитів у разі інсулінозалежного цукрового діабету / Н. Сибірна, О. Вовк, Л. Дробот // Вісник Львів. ун-ту. Серія біол. – 2003. – Вип.34. – С. 52-56.
  18. Токмакова А. Ю. Антикоагулянты в терапии диабетической макроангиопатии / А. Ю. Токмакова, Д. Н. Староверова, М. Б. Анциферов // Consilium Medicum. – 2002. – Т. 4, № 10. – С. 20-23.
  19. Ультраструктура тромбоцитов и дисфункция NO-системы у больных с ревматоидным артритом / В. Н. Коваленко, А. С. Гавриш, Н. М. Гулая [и соавт.] // Укр. мед. часопис. – 2001. - № 3. – С. 35-39.
  20. Участие гликопротеина IIB-IIIA в спонтанной агрегации тромбоцитов / О.В. Сироткина, А.М. Заботина, Е.Б. Тараскина [и соавт.] // Бюлл. эксперим. биол. и мед. – 2007. – Т. 143, № 4. – С. 398-401.
  21. Шестакова М. В. Артериальная гипертония и сахарный диабет: механизмы развития и тактика лечения / М. В. Шестакова // Сахарный диабет. – 1999. - № 3. – С. 19-23.
  22. Activated platelets mediate inflammatory signaling by regulated interleukin 1b-synthesis / S. Lindemann, O. Kiot, V. Jaret [et al.] // J. Cell Biol. – 2001. – Vol. 154. – P. 485-90.
  23. Anderson S. Experimental diabetes and hypertensive vascular disease / S. Anderson, B. M. Brenner // In: Hypertension Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Ed. by Laragh J.H., Brenner B.M. – New York: Raven Press, 1990. – P. 1677-1687.
  24. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease / G. J. Mancini, G. C. Henry, C. Macayac [et al.] // The TREND (Trial on Reversing Endothelial Dysfunction) study. – Circulation. – 1996. – Vol. 94. – Р. 258-265.
  25. Assays of megakaryocyte development: surface antigen expression, ploidy, and size / A. Mathur, Y. Hong, G. Wang, J. Erusalimsky // Methods Mol. Biol. – 2004. – Vol. 272. – P. 309-322.
  26. Barkis G. L. Pathogenesis of hypertension in diabetes / G. L. Barkis // Diabetes Rev. – 1995. – Vol. 3. – P. 460-476.
  27. Bhatt D. I. Scientific and therapeutic advances in antiplatelet therapy / D. I. Bhatt, E. J. Topol // Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. – 2003. – Vol. 1. – P. 15-28.
  28. Boehlen F. Platelet chemokines and their receptors: what is their relevance to platelet storage and transfusion practice / F. Boehlen, K. Clemetson // Transfusion Medicine. – 2001. – Vol. 11, № 6. – P. 403-417.
  29. Bowles В. Coronary artery bypass performed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with reduced cerebral microemboli and improved clinical results / В. Bowles, J. Lee, С. Dang // Chest. – 2001. – Vol. 119. – P. 25-30.
  31. Characteristics and mechanisms of high-glucose-induced overexpression of basement membrane components in cultured human endothelial cells / E. Cagliero, Т. Roth, S. Roy [et al.] // Diabetes. – 1991. – Vol.40. – P. 102-110.
  32. Clark L. B. CD40 and its ligand / L. B. Clark, T. M. Foy , R. J. Noelle // Adv. Immunol. – 1996. - № 63. – P. 43-78.
  33. Coagulation and fibrinolytic system impairment in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus / F. Carmassi, M. Morale, R. Puccetti [et al.] // Thromb. Res. – 1992. – Vol. 67. – P. 643-654.
  34. Comparative study of ACE-Inhibition, angiotensin II antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flow mediated vasodilatation in patients with coronary disease (BANFF Study) / T. J. Anderson, E. Elstein, H. Haber [et al.] // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. – 2000. – Vol. 35. – Р. 60-66.
  35. Corash L. Platelet density, heterogeneity and platelet ageing / L. Corash // Platelet Heterogeneity. Biology and Pathology. – Amsterdam, 1990. – P. 1-24.
  36. Correlation of platelet calcium with blood pressure: effect antihypertensive therapy / P. Erne, P. Bolli, E. Burgisser [et al.] // N. Engl. J. Med. – 1984. – Vol. 310. – P. 1084-1088.
  37. Davi G. Thromboxane biosyntesis and platelet function in type II diabetes mellitus / G. Davi // N. Engl. J. Med. – 1990. – Vol. 322. – P. 1769-1774.
  38. Dzau V. J. Tissue renin-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure / V. J. Dzau // Arch. Intern. Med. – 1993. – Vol. 153. – Р. 937-942.
  39. Endothelium-dependent effects of converting enzyme inhibitors / P. M. Vanhoutte, C. M. Boulanger [et al.] // J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. – 1993. – Vol. 22, Suppl. 5. – Р. 10-16.
  40. Epstein M. Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions / M. Epstein // J. of Hypertension. – 1997. – Vol. 15, Suppl. 2. – P. 55-62.
  41. Escolar G. The platelet open canalicular system: a final common pathway / G. Escolar, J. White // Blood Cells. – 1991. – Vol. 17, № 3. – P. 467-485.
  42. Evidence that intracellular free magnesium deficiency plays a key role in increased platelet reactivity in type II diabetes mellitus / J. L. Nadler, S. Malayan, H. Luong [et al.] // Diabetes Care. – 1992. – Vol. 15. – P. 835-841.
  43. Falk E. Coronary plaque disruption / E. Falk, P. K. Shah, V. Faster // Circulation. – 1995. – Vol. 92. – Р. 657-671.
  44. Generation of trombin activity in relation to factor VIII: concentrations and vascular complications in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus / S. H. Ibbotson, D. Wairnsley, J. A. Davis [et al.] // Diabetologia. – 1992. – Vol.35. – P. 863-867.
  45. Grewal I. S. CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity / I. S. Grewal, R. A. Flavell // Annu. Rev. Immunol. – 1998. – Vol. 1. – P. 111-135.
  46. Haemostasis in Fish – an evolutionary perspective / A. Rowley, D. Hill, C. Ray, R. Mumro // Thromb Haemost. – 1997. - Vol. 77, № 2. – P. 227-233.
  47. Hamson D. G. Endothelial function and oxidant stress / Hamson D. G. // Clin. Cardiol. – 1997. – Vol. 20. – Р. 11-17.
  48. Hartwig J. The platelet: form and function / J. Hartwig // Semin Hematol. – 2006. - Vol. 43, Supp. ll. – P. 94-100.
  49. Human platelet calcium measurements: methodological considerations and comparisons with calcium mobilisation in vascular smooth muscle cells / P. R. Standley, S. Gangasani, R. Prakash [et al.] // Am. J. Hypertens. – 1991. – Vol. 4. – P. 546-549.
  50. Hyperinsulinemia is characterized by jointly disturbed plasma VLDL, LDL, and HDL levels / M. Modan, H. Halkin, A. Lusky [et al.] // Arteriosclerosis. – 1988. – Vol.8. – P. 227-236.
  51. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hyperglykemia: contributing factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis / J. R. Sowers, P. R. Standley, J. L. Ram [et al.] // Am. J. Hypertens. – 1993. – Vol. 6. – P. 260-270.
  52. Identification of mRNA for PDGF b-chain in human megakaryocytes isolated using a novel immunomagnetic separation method / A. Gladwin, M. Carrier, J. Beesley [et al.] // Br. J. Haematol. – 1990. –Vol. 76. – P. 333-339.
  53. Increased platelet cytosolic calcium responses to low density lipoprotein in type II diabetes with and without hypertension / P. R. Standley, S. Ali, C. Bapna [et al.] // Am. J. Hypertens. – 1993. – Vol.6. – P. 938-943.
  54. Increased platelet reactivity and circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates in patients with stable coronary artery disease / M. I. Furman, M. Lety, I. Polk [et al.] // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. – 1998. – Vol. 31. – P. 352-358.
  55. Inoguchi Т. Insulin's effect on protein kinase С and diacyiglycerol induced by diabetes and glucose in vascular tissues / Т. Inoguchi, P. Xia, M. Kunisaki [et al.] // Am. J. Physiol. – 1994. – Vol.267. – P. 369-379.
  56. Karpatkin S., Amorosi E. Platelet heterogeneity (Letter) / S. Karpatkin, E. Amorosi // Br. J. Haematol. – 1977. – Vol. 35. – P. 681-684.
  57. Klinkhardt U. Clopidogrel, but not abciximab, reduces platelet leukocyte conjugates and P-selectin expression in a human ex vivo in vitro model / U. Klinkhardt, J. Graff, S. Harder // Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. – 2002. - № 71. – P. 176-8.
  58. Koivisto V. A. Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in IDDM in Europe. EURODIAB IDDM. Complication Study Groop / V. A. Koivisto // Diabetes Care. – 1996. – Vol. 19, № 7. – P. 689-697.
  59. Kolpakov V. Nitric oxide-generating compounds inhibit total protein and collgen synthesis in cultured vascular smooth cells / V. Kolpakov, D. Gordon, T. J. Kulik // Circ. Res. – 1995. – Vol. 76. – Р. 305-309.
  60. Kosaki G. In Vivo Platelet Production from Mature Megakaryocytes: Does Platelet Release Occur via Proplatelets? / G. Kosaki // Int. J. Hematol. – 2005 – Vol. 81, № 3. – P. 208-219.
  61. Kubes P. Nitric oxide: An endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion / P. Kubes, M. Suzuki, D. N. Granger // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 1991. – Vol. 88. - Р. 4651-4655.
  62. Lasher T. F. Angiotensin, ACE-inhibitors and endothelial control of vasomotor tone / T. F.Lasher // Basic Research. Cardiol. – 1993. – Vol. 88. – P. 15-24.
  63. Leukocyte-platelet aggregates as a marker of inflammation / L. Bouriachkovskaia, I. Uchitel, N. Dovlatova [et al.] // Platelets. – 2004. – Vol. 16, № 8. – P. 483-484.
  64. Leukocyte-platelet interaction: modulation by lipids different density and inhibition by high dose of catecholmines / N. Dovlatova, L. Bouriachkovskaia, I. Uchitel [et al.] // J. Thrombosis Haemostasis. – 2003. – Vol. 1, Suppl 1. – P. 193-195.
  65. Lusher T. F. Biology of the endothelium / T. F. Lusher, M. Barton // Clin. Cardiol. – 1997. – Vol. 10, Suppl. 11). – P. 3-10.
  66. Mark D. Protecting the brain in coronary artery bypass graft surgery / D. Mark, M. Newman // JAMA. – Vol. 287, № 11. – 2002. – P. 1623-1629.
  67. Mayer В. In search of a function for tetrahydrobioptcrin in the biosynthesis of nitric oxide / В. Mayer, E. R. Werner // Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. – 1995. – Vol. 351. – Р. 453-463.
  68. Measurement of the density of human platelets and its relationship to volume / J. Martin, T. Shaw, J. Heggie, D. Penington // Br. J. Haematol. – 1983. – Vol. 54. – P. 337-352.
  69. Megakaryocyte differentiation is accompanied by a reduction in cell migratory potential / A. Mathur, Y. Hong, J. Martin, J. Erusalimsky // Br. J. Haematol. – 2001. – Vol. 12, № 2. – P. 459-465.
  70. Mustard J. F. Platelets and diabetes mellitus / J. F. Mustard, M. A. Packham // N. Engl. J. Med. – 1984. – Vol. 311. – P. 665-667.
  71. Noorgaard H. Hypertension in insulin-dependent diabetes / H. Noorgaard // Dan. Med. Bull. – 1996. – Vol. 43. – P. 21-38.
  72. Platelet activation and biochemical markers of inflammation in patients with CHD and depression / L. Buriachkovskaia, E. Poliakova, A. Zorin [ et al.] // Atherosclerosis. – 2006. – Vol. 7, № 3. – P. 283-285.
  73. Platelet activation in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: results from the TIMI-12 trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction / K. A. Ault , O. Ltyn, K. Nick [et al.] // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. – 1999. - № 33. – P. 634-639.
  74. Prasad A. Coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans improves with angiotension converting enzyme inhibition / A. Prasad, S. Husain // Circulation. – 1996. – Vol. 94, Suppl. I. – Р. 51-61.
  75. Qualitative and quantitative abnormalities ofvon Willebrand antigen in patients with diabetes mellitus / К. J. Pasi, M. S. Enayat, P. M. Horrocks [et al.] // Thromb. Res. – 1990. – Vol.59. – P. 581-591.
  76. Regulatory functions of the vascular endotnelium / J. R. Vane, E. E. Anggard, Batting R. M. [et al.] // New England Journal of Medicine. – 1990. - № 323. – Р. 27-36.
  77. Relation of the site of acute myocardial infarction to the most severe coronary arterial stenosis at prior angiography / D. Giroud, J. M. Li, P. Urban [et al.] // Amer. J. Cardiol. – 1992. – P. 729-732.
  78. Relationship between autonomic neuropathy, 24-h blood pressure profile and nephropathy in normotensive IDDM patients / V. Spallone, S. Gambardella, M. R. Maiello [et al.] // Diab. Care. – 1994. – Vol. 17. – P. 578-584.
  79. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance / I. Zavaroni, E. Bonora, M. Pagliara [et al.] // N. Engl. – 1989. – Vol. 320. – P. 702-706.
  80. Schineider W. Megakaryocytes: origin of bleeding and thrombotic disordes / W. Schineider, N. Gatterman // Eur. J. Clin. Invest. – 1994. – Vol. 24, Suppl. 1. – P. 16-20.
  81. Schonbeck U. CD40 Signaling and Plaque Instability / U. Schonbeck, P. Libby // Circ. Res. – 2001. – Vol. 89. – P. 1092-1103.
  82. Schonbeck U. The CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand dyad / U. Schonbeck, P. Libby // Cell Mol. Life Sci. – 2001. – № 58. – P. 4-43.
  83. Sex gormones and gemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in men with hypertension / G. B. Phillips, T.-Y. Jing, L. M. Resnick [et al.] // J. Hypertens. – 1993. – Vol. 11. – P. 699-702.
  84. Shivdasani R. Transcription factor NF-E2 is required for platelet formation independent of the actions of thrombopoietin / R. Shivdasani, M. Rosenblatt // Cell. – 1995. – Vol. 81. – P. 695-704.
  85. Soluble CD40 Ligand in Acute Coronary Syndromes / C. Heeschen, S. Dimmeler, C. W. Hamm [et al.] // N. Engl. J. Med. – 2003. - № 348. – P. 1104-1111.
  86. Sowers J. Diabetes mellitus and associated hypertension, vascular disease, and nephropathy: an update / J. Sowers, M. Epstein // Hypertension. – 1995. – Vol. 26. – P. 869-879.
  87. Sowers J. R. Role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in development of hypertension and atherosclerosis / J. R. Sowers, P. S. Sowers, J. D. Peuler // J. Lab. Clin. Med. – 1994. – Vol. 23. – P. 647-652.
  88. Strukova S. Blood coagulation-dependent inflammation. Coagulation- dependent inflammation and inflammation-dependent thrombosis / S. Strukova // Frontiers in Bioscience. – 2006. - №. 11. – P. 59-80.
  89. Testamariam B. Elevated glucose impairs endotelium-dependent relaxation by activating protein kinase C. / B. Testamariam, M. L. Brown, R. A. Cohen // J. Clin. Invest. – 1991. – Vol. 87. – P. 1643-1648.
  90. The relationship between platelet and megakaryocyte volumes / J. Martin, E. Trowbridge, G. Salmon, D. Slater // Thromb. Res. – 1982. – Vol. 28. – P. 447-459.
  91. The role of anticoagulation in the measurement of platelet volumes / C. Thompson, D. Diaz, P. Quinn [et al.] // Am. J. Clin. Pathol. – 1983. – Vol. 80. – P. 327-332.
  92. Transformation and motility of human platelets / R. Allen, L. Zacharki, S. Widirsky, R. Rosenstein [et al.] // J. Cell Biology. – 1979. – Vol. 83. – P. 126-142.
  93. Vallence P. Infects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheial arteriolar tone in man / P. Vallence, J. Coller, S. Moncada // Lancet. – 1989. - № 2. – Р. 997-999.
  94. Van Dijk D. Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial / D. van Dijk, E. Jansen, R. Hijman / JAMA. – 2002. – Vol. 287. – P. 1405-1412.
  95. Van Kooten C., Banchereau J. CD40-CD40 ligand: a multifunctional receptor-ligand pair / C. van Kooten, J. Banchereau // Adv. Immunol. – 1996. – Vol. 61. – P. 71-77.
  96. Vanhoutte P. M. Vascular endothelium: vasoactive mediators / P. M. Vanhoutte, J. V. Mombouli // Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. – 1996. – Vol. 39. – Р. 229-238.
  97. Vigstrup J. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: at risk patients identified by early detection of microalbuminuria / J. Vigstrup, C. E. Mogensen // Acta Ophthalmol. – 1985. – Vol. 63. – P. 530-534.
  98. Weyrich A. Platelets: signaling cells in the immune continuum / A. Weyrich, G. Zimmerman // Trends in Immunology. – 2004. – Vol. 25, № 9. – P. 489-495.
  99. White J. An overview of platelet structural physiology / J. White // Scanning Microsc. – 1987. – Vol. 1, № 4. – P. 1677-1700.
  100. Xiao Z. Clopidogrel Inhibits Platelet-Leukocyte Interactions and Thrombin Receptor Agonist Peptide-Induced Platelet Activation in Patients With an Acute Coronary Syndrome / Z. Xiao, P. Theroux // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. – 2004. - № 43. – P. 1982-1988.
  101. Zatz R. Pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy: the hemodynamic view / R. Zatz // Am. J. Med. – 1986. – Vol. 80. – P. 443-453.

Downloads

How to Cite

Pertseva, N. O., & Turlyun, T. S. (2011). Clinical and morphological parallels in conditions of impaired platelet-vascular hemostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Морфологія / Morphologia / Morfologìâ, 5(2), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.26641/1997-9665.2011.2.5-18

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2011)

Section

Статті

License

Copyright (c) 2012 Pertseva N.O., Turlyun T.S., Morphologia

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

 The authors reserve the right to authorship of their work and transfer to the Journal the right to the first publication of this work under the terms of a license Creative commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which allows other people to freely distribute the published work with a mandatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
        By submitting a manuscript to the editorial office of the Journal ‘Morphologia’ authors agree to transfer the rights to protect and use the manuscript (all supplemental materials, particularly protected objects such as photos, drawings, diagrams, tables, etc.), including the reproduction in the press and distribution via the Internet; translation of the manuscript into any language; export and import of journal copies with the Authors’ article in order to make it available for public. Authors convey the rights mentioned above to the editorial office without any temporal or territorial limitation all over the world. 
        The Authors guarantee that they have the exclusive rights to use the material transferred to editorial office. Editors are not responsible to third parties for contraventions of warranty given by the Authors. The considered rights are transferred to the editorial office since the moment when the current issue is signed for publishing. Reproduction of materials published in the Journal by other individuals and legal entities is possible only with the consent of Editorial office, with the obligatory indication of the full bibliographic reference of the primary publication. The Authors reserve the right to use the published material, its fragments and parts for teaching materials, oral presentations, dissertation thesis prepararion with obligatory bibliographic citation of the original paper. Electron copy of the published article, downloaded from official journal web-site in .pdf format may be put by authors on the official web-site of their institutions, any other official resources with open access.